Tuesday, December 15, 2009
यक्ष मल्ल
media system in Russia
No. of televisions stations: 7,306
No. of radio stations: 953
The media and especially the press have played decisive roles in every major Russian social and political change in the twentieth century. They helped bring down the Czarist government in March, l9l7, and the Kerensky regime in the following November. They were essential in supporting the Soviet state in the 74 years of its existence. As the Soviet state began to break down, the independent press and other media began to play a decisive role in undermining that regime. In the end, they helped sound the death knell that brought down the Communist regime in December, l99l.
For a few years the press and other media enjoyed uncensored, unrestrained (and some might add, unprecedented) freedom in post-Soviet Russia. But it was short-lived. Just as they had in l9l7, economic problems in l99l first undercut Russian popular faith in the government, then in Russia's version of capitalism and finally in the entire democratic process. At the same time, economic problems and vulnerability weakened both the free press and undercut its own credibility. Like so many of the Russian people, the press has had to go "hat in hand," asking for economic support and help. And like so many of the Russian people, they had to pay a very high price for that help and support. Some may question if as of 2002 there really was a genuinely free and independent press in Russia. Certainly, economic realities had done far more to curb and weaken the independent press than any kind of overt government censorship and repression.
Contrary to George Kennan's article and thesis of l947, the Soviet Union was able to deal with containment,confrontation, and crisis. Indeed the country thrived on them. What Communism (and dictatorships in general) could not deal with was normality and prosperity, especially prosperity in other countries when the Russian people knew about that prosperity.
In the long run, perhaps the greatest hope for Russia's press may be prolonged periods of stability and prosperity. Once Russian consumers and enterprises can seize the commanding heights of Russia's economy, they may be able to create independent economic and financial bases, and these in turn may give the press and media political and editorial independence.
It was the belief of nineteenth-century Slavophils that Russia's mission was to suffer for the rest of Europe and all of mankind. In the twentieth century no nation suffered more in both peace and war than did Russia. Perhaps with a period of stability without the threat of foreign wars and invasions, Russia may finally begin to turn to its own needs and its own problems.
The maintenance of a free media is the keys to democracy in Russia. The question is how to maintain a free press. In 1900, many Russian writers and journalists believed the key to the situation was in cutting loose from government support and control. In the early 2000s, the question was how would the Russia media support themselves without government finances and interference.
condition of media in Russia
Overview of media in Russia
Russian TV broadcasting is dominated by channels that are either run directly by the state owned by companies with close links to the kremlin. The government controls channel one and Russia TV- two of the main three main federal channels- while state controlled energy giant Gazprom owns NTV. Critics say independent reporting has suffered as a result.
For most Russians, television, especially via the national networks, is the main source of domestic and international news. The broadcasting market is very competitive; state owned or influenced TV networks attract the biggest audiences. Hundreds of radio stations crowd the dial; state run networks compete with music- based commercial FM stations.
An English language satellite channel, Russia today, was launched in late 2005. The news- based station is funded by the kremlin and aims to present "global news from Russian perspective." There are more than 400 dailies, catering for every taste and persuasion. The major national are based in Moscow, but many readers in the regions prefer to take local papers. Several influential's dailies have been brought by companies with the close links to the kremlin.
The conflict in Chenchnya has been blamed for government attacks on press freedom. Journalist have been killed in chenchnya while others have disappeared or have been abducted. In Moscow and elsewhere journalist have been harassed or physically abused. Reporters investigating the affairs of the political and corporate elite are said to be particulary at risk.
Media rights organisation reporters without borders has expressed concern at the "absence of pluralism in news and information, an intensifying crackdown against journalists and the drastic state of press freedom in Chenchnya." According to internet world stats December 2008, around 38 million Russians use the internet.